Todd Manning (Roger Howarth)


 * Todd redirects here. For other uses of the name, see Todd (disambiguation).

Thomas Todd Manning is a fictional character from the ABC soap opera General Hospital.

The character was originated on the soap opera  in 1992 by actor Roger Howarth.

Howarth left in March of 2003, and actor portrayed a character on the show by the same name from August of 2003 to August of 2011.

Howarth returned in May of 2011, and it was revealed shortly before St. John left that St. John's character was not actually Todd, but his twin brother Victor Lord, Jr.; and that Howarth's character was actually Todd.

After the television finale of OLTL in January 2012, Howarth transferred the character to General Hospital in February. He was put on contract with ABC in May. He, along with the other two Llanview transplants (Kristen Alderson, who plays Starr Manning; and Michael Easton, who plays John McBain), were forced to take a break from GH due to legal reasons surrounding the reboot of OLTL.

During this break, Howarth signed a deal with Prospect Park to reprise his role of Todd on the OLTL reboot for about four weeks, He later returned to GH, but as a new character, Robert Frank

Storylines
Todd first arrived in Llanview, Pennsylvania on  as a fraternity brother of. He was tutored by another student named and they had a one night stand. Later, Todd orchestrated and participated in the gang rape of Marty at a fraternity party. Todd and the other two boys involved in the rape, Kevin's cousin and Zach Rosen, were tried. Marty was confused and thought that Kevin had also participated in the gang rape, and Todd let Kevin take part of the blame for it until Marty remembered the truth and cleared his name. This is one of the contributing factors of Todd and Kevin's life-long feud with each other. When the boys' attorney realized they were actually guilty, she caused a mistrial. While awaiting a retrial, Todd trapped Marty in an alley and tried to rape her again. Her friend came upon them and hit Todd with a lead pipe, leaving his iconic scar across his right cheek. This knocked Todd out and saved Marty from being raped by him again. The scar serves as a constant reminder to Todd and everyone else of his past and misdeeds.
 * -|OLTL: 1992-98=

Powell later confessed to the rape, and all three of them were sent to prison. While on a work release, Todd escaped, caused the death of Marty's friend Suede Pruitt, and kidnapped a woman named. He was shot and presumed dead, but turned up at Kevin's family home, hiding in the gardening shed. He told Kevin's little cousins, and, that he was the genie Ali, and they brought him food. He later saved Marty, C.J., and Kevin's sister during a car wreck. He was shot by the police commissioner,, and sent back to jail, but was later pardoned and released.

In late 1994, Todd met Blair Cramer. They had a one night stand around Christmastime. Blair then found out that Todd was actually the long-lost son and heir of the presumed dead, and would inherit $27.8 million, which Todd himself didn't know. Blair lied to Todd and told him she was pregnant with his child, and they were married in February of 1995. Todd found out he was the heir, the biological son of Victor Lord and, who had been the childhood friend and college roommate of Victor's eldest daughter. Irene had given Todd to her cousin Peter and his wife Bitsy to raise as a baby. This made him Kevin, C.J., Sarah, and Jessica's uncle; and Powell's cousin. He inherited the money, and bought the tabloid The Intruder, which he renamed The Sun. He and Blair fell in love and Blair soon became pregnant for real, but then miscarried. Todd then found out that Blair was not actually pregnant when they were married, and had their marriage annulled based on fraud in August. Blair, however, then found out she was pregnant again, and they were remarried in November. The day after their wedding, Todd went to Ireland and was shot by Irish terrorists when he was mistaken for Marty's boyfriend and presumed dead. Todd and Blair's daughter Starr was born January 8, 1996.

When Todd returned to Llanview months later, he witnessed Blair and Patrick making love. He went to his sister Viki, who hid him in her attic and later brought his daughter Starr to meet him. He kidnapped Starr, but later returned her. He blew up Guy Armitage's yacht and tried to frame Patrick for it. Guy died, and Patrick was able to prove he didn't do it.

Later, Todd married his attorney Téa Delgado in order to get custody of Starr. He paid Téa $5 million in exchange. They actually fell in love with each other though. Later, Georgie Phillips was murdered and Todd tried to frame Bo Buchanan for the murder, it backfired though and Todd was the one who looked guilty. So, Todd kidnapped everyone involved and tried to force a confession out of someone. Nora's daughter finally confessed, and Todd ran off and took Téa with him. Later, Todd punched Téa, but then she knocked him out and had him arrested.

Todd later escaped police custody and cornered Téa in a cabana. Todd's life-long mentor and friend,, went in to talk him out, and Todd opened up to him. Sam found out that Todd had not only been physically abused as a child, but he was also raped by his adopted father on his fourteenth birthday. Sam tried to bring up the fact of Todd's abuse as a child in court, but Todd seemingly went into a catatonic state and, when he emerged from it, appeared to have Dissociative Identity Disorder (or multiple personalities) like his sister Viki. Todd was calling himself Tom and was gentle and child-like. Later, other personalities came out: Rod, a womanizing romantic; Pete, the violent side of Todd; and Miss Perkins, a mother-like personality who took care of the other personalities. Many thought he was faking to escape prosecution, but others believed him. At one point, Tom stood up on the roof of the hospital ready to jump, and Viki was able to talk him down. Todd and Téa remarried, but Starr accidentally played a tape at the reception of Todd confessing that he was faking his mental condition, and Todd left town in 1998.

Later, Todd came back and reconnected with Blair. They were set to get married, but on the night before their wedding, Blair's ex drugged her and made sure that Todd saw them in bed together. In revenge, Todd revealed at the altar that Blair had shot Max, which Todd had been helping to cover up, and he then turned over incriminating evidence. He then found out that Max had set up Blair, though, and he testified that Blair was crazy when she shot Max and she was sent to a mental institution instead of prison.
 * -|OLTL: 2000-12=

After Blair was released, she found out she was pregnant and figured out it was Todd's. She fled to Mexico to have her baby, but Todd followed. Todd then delivered the baby; and thinking the child was Max's, gave the baby away and told Blair he had died. When Todd found out that the baby was actually his, he brought the baby back to Blair and told her that it was a baby who needed a home. They "adopted" him and named him. The truth was revealed when Jack developed aplastic anemia, which Starr also had had as a baby. He needed a bone marrow transplant, and Todd had to track down Alex Olanov, who had been the donor for Starr.

Blair was furious and left Todd, taking the kids to Hawaii. Todd, however, followed them and hired to help him kidnap Starr and Jack. While there, Todd ran into Téa, and she warned Blair. Blair took the kids back to Llanview; and Todd, Téa, and Ross became stranded on a deserted island together. On the island, both Ross and Todd fell for Téa. Todd, however, decided he needed to get back to Blair, his true love, and decided to leave on a homemade raft. Just before he left though, he and Téa made love.

Later, tried to kidnap Starr, but Blair convinced him to take her instead. Todd kidnapped his niece and took her to Mitch in exchange for Blair. It was revealed that Todd's father Victor Lord was not dead after all, and needed a heart transplant from a relative. Mitch took Natalie to have her heart transplanted into Victor, but the plan was foiled. Todd had a tense meeting with his father for the first time before he quickly died. Later, Mitch had Todd kidnapped and beaten and locked in Victor's crypt; but, Todd was no longer there when the crypt was searched later.

Todd was legally declared dead, and months later, Blair started dating a man who said he was Mitch's brother Walker Laurence, and even married him. Blair later found out that Walker claimed to actually be Todd, with a new face. This man believed to be Todd lived in Llanview, raised Todd's kids, married both of his ex-wives twice each, and ran his newspaper for eight years, with no one ever suspecting that he wasn't actually the man he said he was. In 2009, Téa revealed to "Todd" that they had a daughter together,, from the time they had made love on the deserted island. Téa had a DNA test done to make sure, and it came back that "Todd" was in fact Danielle's father.

In 2011, it was revealed that the real Todd was being held captive in an undisclosed location. He had been locked up and tortured for the last eight years. He escaped and made his way back to Llanview with the intention of getting back to his life as it was before. When he got there, however, he found this other man, who looked nothing like him, claiming he was Todd Manning and living his life. He was married to Téa, running The Sun, his kids called him "dad," and everyone, including his sister Viki and niece Jessica to whom he was extremely close, thought he was Todd. Todd couldn't figure out how this could have happened, how everyone could believe this fraud.

Todd secretly went to Blair's house and happened upon a boy named, who said he was Todd Manning's son. Todd couldn't figure out how this kid he's never seen could possibly be his son. He became friends with Sam, and later saved his life when a man tracking down the escaped Todd came after him and threatened to kill Sam. Todd killed the man, and Blair took Sam to be questioned by police detective John McBain when the body was discovered. Sam told John that his friend, a man with a line on his face, had killed him to save his life. He positively identified an old picture of Todd, with the scar on his face.

Todd researched the imposter's life for the past eight years, and realized that Sam was the imposter's son, not his. He then dressed up like a Spider-Man entertainer and went to Sam's birthday party, where he kidnapped the child. He called "Todd" and told him he had his son and to meet him at The Sun. The two men then finally came face to face for the first time. They both claimed to each other that they were the real Todd and that the other was an imposter.

Todd took "Todd" at gunpoint back home, but before they could go inside, more men who were looking for Todd because of his escape took him and shot him. Todd, however, was wearing a bullet proof vest and was saved by Louie, a homeless man, who told him to contact John McBain. Todd did, and John took DNA from both Todd Mannings and had it tested against DNA they had on file from the Marty Saybrooke rape case years before, which was definitely the real Todd's DNA. Shockingly, both DNA tests came back as positive matches. They couldn't understand it, and Téa recalled the DNA test she had done on "Todd" and Danielle that showed he was her father. Starr suggested that the only way they could have the same DNA is if they were identical twins, but that didn't explain why they both actually thought they were Todd, and why they both had Todd's memories.

Téa's brother,, who was a former CIA agent, revealed that he had been hired eight years before to take Todd from Victor's crypt and take him to another CIA agent. He didn't know what had happened to Todd after that. John and Tomás were able to track down the agent Tomás had taken Todd to in Louisiana and they went down there to investigate. Whom they found, however, was Irene Manning, Todd's biological mother, who had long been thought dead. She was the head of this rogue CIA agency and knew the whole story of what had happened.

They brought Irene back to Llanview, and she revealed to both Todds and Todd's sister Viki that they were in fact identical twin brothers. Irene had given Todd to her cousin Peter and his wife Bitsy to raise, while she secretly kept his twin brother Victor Lord, Jr. She joined the CIA and started a rogue operation. In 2003, when Todd had been beaten, she had him brought to her and brainwashed Victor Jr. into believing he was his twin brother, giving him all of Todd's memories. She wanted the son she raised to have his father's inheritance. Realizing that Mitch Laurence was still after Todd, she gave Victor Jr. plastic surgery to look like Mitch's brother Walker, to keep him off Mitch's radar. Learning the truth, Todd rushed straight to Starr to tell her, and met his granddaughter Hope for the first time.

Todd, however, found himself broke and living with his sister Viki. He wanted his life back, including his kids, his newspaper, and Blair. He stole a gun from Blair's house with the intention of killing Victor. The first time he went to Victor's to kill him, though, he saw Victor and Téa making love, and walked away. Later, Victor was found shot and seemingly died. Todd was then seen on the pier giving the gun to the homeless man Louie. Todd's son Jack, who couldn't accept Todd as his father and still loved Victor as his father, still calling him "dad," lied and said he saw Todd at the murder scene. Todd swore he did not kill his brother; although he wanted to, he couldn't. Todd was arrested for Victor's murder, but Starr helped him escape when Irene threatened to kill his entire family.

Todd found his family safe at Victor's house, then went to find his mother, who ended up shooting him in the shoulder. They then heard an explosion and she told him that that was his family dying. Todd then shot and killed his mother. Todd's family, however, was safe. Bo Buchanan, the police commissioner, had safely detonated the bomb, saving everyone. Todd ran off and Blair found him dying at Viki's cabin. She nursed him back to health and got her Aunt, who's a doctor, to talk her through what she needed to do over the phone and call in a prescription for him. Todd and Blair got closer during this time as they reminisced. Téa picked up Todd's prescription for him and brought it to him. They then planned to find Victor's true killer to exonerate Todd. While Todd was alone in the cabin, however, his dead mother appeared to him and helped him remember that he had indeed killed Victor. Todd was devastated at remembering this and claimed that Irene had made him do it, as they had been in adjoining jail cells while they were both locked up, and she messed with his head. Téa got Todd released on probation, and he kept the fact that he remembered killing Victor to himself.

Victor had left everything to Irene in his will; and when Irene died, she left everything to her and Victor Sr.'s daughter,. Tina, however, seeing that everything was Todd's before Victor Jr. took it, generously gave everything back to him. Todd then went right back to work at his newspaper.

He decided to frame Tomás for the murder because Tomás was involved with Blair, and Todd wanted Blair to himself. He lured Tomás to a warehouse, then put his fingerprints on the gun used to kill Victor, which was then planted in Tomás' bedroom at Téa's house. He kept Tomás tied up and had him confess to Blair via video chat to the murder. Todd then moved on with Blair. As they got closer, Todd bonded with Sam, now knowing he's his nephew, even more. He also blackmailed Jack, who had tried to burn down The Sun offices, into being nicer to him and to allow him to join in family activities.

John and Téa, who had found out she was pregnant with Victor's child after he "died," were working to solve Victor's murder. They suspected that Todd was actually the killer. John got a hold of Todd's cell phone and tapped it. Through this tap, they were able to find the location of where Todd was holding Tomás. John rescued Tomás, and then barged in on Todd and Blair while they were finally making love for the first time in over eight years. John arrested Todd for his brother Victor's murder. Unbeknownst to everyone, however, Victor was actually alive and being held captive by an escaped prisoner,.

Todd first arrives in Port Charles to visit his daughter Starr at General Hospital, having heard she was injured. Before he can get to Starr, he meets up with his ex-wife Blair, who forbids him from seeing their daughter. Todd is out on bail for murdering his twin brother Victor Lord, Jr., and has jumped bail by leaving Llanview to be with his daughter. Blair tells him that Starr's boyfriend Cole, and their daughter Hope, were killed in the car crash.
 * -|GH: 2012-13=

Todd later goes to the Metro Court Hotel to rent a room, paying in cash and refusing to give a name. He meets Carly Jacks, who has been forbidden from seeing Jason in the hospital, and they bond after realizing they have this in common. Todd and Carly come up with a plan to dress in scrubs and sneak into the hospital to see Starr and Jason, respectively. When Todd sees Starr, she at first doesn't want to see him and is angry at him for killing her Uncle Victor, the man who raised her. But then, she and Todd talk about Hope and Cole and he comforts her. During their short meeting, Starr tells him that Anthony Zacchara had told her that Sonny Corinthos was responsible for shooting out his tires and causing the wreck that killed Hope and Cole, and Todd vows to take care of the situation.

He then finds out from Carly that Sonny is at the courthouse being arraigned. Todd goes there, and pulls a gun on Sonny, threatening to kill him. John McBain comes in however, and arrests Todd to take him back to Llanview to stand trial for his brother's murder.

Todd is acquitted due to post traumatic stress and returns to Port Charles on May 8, 2012 when Starr is charged with the attempted murder of Sonny. His ex-wife Téa Delgado arrives soon after to defend Starr, and she isn't happy to see Todd. Todd continues to befriend Carly Jacks, and rents a room at her hotel, The Metro Court. Todd overhears Sonny's girlfriend Kate Howard confiding in her lawyer, Alexis Davis, that her alternate personality may have caused the accident that killed Cole and Hope.

Todd goes to Sonny and tells him that if he gets Michael to recant his statement to the police about Starr trying to kill Sonny, that he won't tell the police about hearing Kate admit to shooting out Anthony's tires. When that falls on Sonny's deaf ears since Sonny is mad at Kate (who was actually her alter Connie at the time) for sleeping with Johnny Zacchara, Todd offers to use his tabloid The Sun to made Kate look good and discredit her psychiatrist Ewen Keenan, who Kate's alter Connie had knocked out and nearly killed, if Sonny gets Michael to recant his statement. Sonny ends up agreeing and getting Michael to recant his statement, and Starr is released from jail.

On June 1 2012, Téa goes into labor in the car in the middle of a rain storm and they can't get to the hospital because there is a cell tower in the road. Todd takes Téa to a bus bench and she gives birth to a very still baby boy. Todd realizes something is wrong, so he takes the baby to find help and runs into Heather Webber, who tries to revive the baby but she tells Todd the baby is gone. Todd is devastated and doesn't know how he is going to tell Téa about the baby. Meanwhile, Sam Morgan and her baby boy arrive at the shed and she passes out. Todd hears her baby cry, and Téa comes up and thinks that the baby Todd is holding is her son, and he hands her the alive baby. Heather convinces him to switch the babies. Todd takes Téa and "her" son to the hospital. About a day or so later, he takes Téa and "her" son, whom she names Victor Lord III (but is actually Jason Morgan, Jr., later known as Danny Morgan) back to Llanview.

Todd returns to Port Charles and takes over the paper The Press and renames it The Sun, and Heather blackmails him for a job. He hires Sam as his assistant. In July, Heather is arrested and blackmails Todd into helping her. She asks him to bring her something from her purse, so he dumped the entire thing out on his desk. In doing so, he finds the real paternity test which proves that Jason Morgan, not Franco, is the true biological father of Sam's son. He takes the test to the PCPD and confronts Heather about switching the paternity tests and the babies, but Heather blackmails him into keeping both secrets, by threatening to reveal his part in the baby switch.

In October, the baby switch is revealed and Danny Morgan is returned to Sam and Jason, and Todd tries to comfort Téa. However, he blames all of the switch on Heather Webber. After Jason is presumed dead, Todd feels bad for Sam, so he inconspicuously gave the real paternity test to Steve Webber and Olivia Falconeri. After confirming that the test was authentic, Steve delivered the news to Sam that Jason is Danny's biological father.

In late October, Todd and Carly have a romantic encounter, but Carly says that she will not have sex with him. Todd helps Carly deal with the re-appearance of Carly's ex-husband A.J. Quartermaine.

Todd is visited by his daughter Starr and Molly Lansing-Davis to published Molly's romantic novel, Love in Maine. The manuscript, however, is stolen by Todd's officemate Connie Falconeri.

Todd is very glad when Carly and Skye come and tell him that his love's (Blair) current fiancee may not be Tomás, but could actually be an international arms dealer named Lorenzo Alcazar. They go to Llanview to tell Blair and Téa. In the end, Blair, Téa, and Skye leave to go and search for Tomás when a CIA agent tells them that Tompás is on a mission.

In the New Year's episodes, Todd and Carly have sex at his Metro Court suite.

On the January 4 and 7 episodes, Johnny Zacchara (due to his reveal of killing Cole and Hope), reveals the truth about Todd's involvement of the baby switch to Police Detective Dante Falconeri and Todd's love interest Carly Jacks. Both Johnny and Todd are arrested and put in the same jail cell. Todd tries to smother Johnny with a pillow twice, and then hears from his attorney Diane Miller that the Judge and DA want the triple murderer (Johnny) first then the "baby switcher" (Todd), so Todd is left in the jail cell. Todd is then visited by Carly.

He is subsequently sent to Ferncliff for mental testing and to see if he is able to stand trial. After Heather Webber arranges for the workers to go on a walk-out strike, and knocking out Kevin Collins (Lucy's husband), Heather and Todd escape using Kevin's vehicle, and Lucy accompanies them. They go to Wyndemere. Todd decides that he will go over to Starr's and talk to Starr one last time. He says goodbye, and then leaves.

He goes to the harbor and sees that Caleb Morley, although he think it is John McBain, is arguing with Heather Webber, and Caleb throws her into the water. Todd then argues with Caleb and hears sirens coming. Caleb disappears, and Todd is taken into custody for attempted kidnapping of Danny Morgan (whom he had actually saved from being kidnapped by Caleb). He talks to McBain and Rafe, and starts to agree that the man that he was arguing with was not McBain, but could be another man named Caleb Morley (later referred to his old stage name of Stephen Clay).

At his baby switching trial, Todd is able to get Johnny Zacchara's associate to lie in court and Heather Webber to take full blame on the stand for the baby switching. The charges are later dismissed. He goes to see Carly at the Metro Court. Carly uses A.J. by making out with him in order to deter Todd from being with her. He is able to plant a camera inside a stuffed bunny and has it delivered to Carly's daughter Josslyn, making them believe it's from her father Jax in Australia. Todd watched Carly and A.J. and finds out that they are just acting, and not actually dating. He goes over to Carly's and reveals that he knows the truth. A.J. confesses and walks out. Todd then kisses and makes out with Carly, but Carly stops it and dumps him for good.

Todd's daughter then calls him distressed, and Todd leaves to return to Llanview to help her.

Return to One Life to Live

With the reboot of  on April 29, 2013, Todd returned to the screen once again in Llanview. Todd was featured in most of the episodes that aired from April to August 2013 (OLTL first season online). Todd's actor played intermittenly as Todd and then his new character on GH as a recast of Franco, but now due to OLTL's long break it appears like Roger Howarth is back on GH full-time.

For further storylines regarding Todd, please see his at the OLTL wiki.

Crimes Committed

 * -|On One Life to Live=
 * Raped Carol Swift [pre-1993]
 * Raped [Mar 1993]
 * Tried to rape Marty again (outside Rodi's, hit him with a lead pipe to protect Marty, and that was how he got his scar) [1993]
 * Escaped from prison [Oct 1993]
 * Terrorized in a beach house when Nora was blind [Dec 1993]
 * Caused Suede Pruitt's death by pushing him and causing Suede to hit his head [1994]
 * Kidnapped [1994]
 * Kidnapped baby Starr after resurfacing from Ireland [1996]
 * Killed Guy Armitage by blowing up his yacht [1997]
 * Tried to frame for the bombing of the yacht [1997]
 * Held 14 people hostage in the Buchanan lodge to find out who had killed Georgie Phillips [1998]
 * Faked dissociative identity disorder to avoid prosecution [1998]
 * Shot [2000]
 * Helped Blair Cramer hide the fact that she had shot [2000]
 * Gave away his son when he thought the child wasn't his and told Blair the baby had died [2001]
 * Faked the death of Starr's nanny, Suzanne [2002]
 * Set a bomb at the police station and tried to steal evidence [2001]
 * Shot and killed Agent Kent to save from being shot [Jun 2011]
 * Knocked out hired entertainer in Spiderman costume [Jul 2011]
 * Kidnapped Sam Manning to lure the man masquerading as Todd [Jul 2011]
 * Stole a gun from 's safe [Aug 2011]
 * Arrested for killing his twin brother, Victor Lord Jr. [Sep 2011]
 * Broke out of Llanview jail with help from Starr [Sep 2011]
 * Shot and killed his mother, [Oct 2011]
 * Went on the run after killing his mother [Oct 2011]
 * Recalled memories of having shot and killed Victor Lord Jr. [Oct 2011]
 * Had the gun used to kill Victor Jr. planted in 's room [Nov 2011]
 * Had Tomas' friend Claude kidnapped to lure Tomas into a trap [Nov 2011]
 * Had Tomas kidnapped and forced him to confess to killing Victor Jr. [Nov 2011]
 * Obstructed police investigation into arson at The Sun to protect his son Jack [Dec 2011]
 * Arrested for murder of Victor Lord Jr. [Jan 2012]
 * -|On General Hospital=
 * Jumped bail and went to Port Charles, New York, to visit Starr [Mar 2012]
 * Threatened to shoot Sonny Corinthos in an empty courtroom [Mar 2012]
 * Found not guilty by reason of insanity in murder of Victor Lord, Jr. [May 2012]
 * Switched Téa Delgado's deceased baby with Sam Morgan's baby with the help of Heather Webber; charges are later dismissed in trial [Jun 2012; Mar 6 2013]
 * Blackmailed Sonny [May 2012]
 * Tried to bribe John McBain [Jan 2013]
 * Attempted to flee Police Custody [Jan 2013]
 * Escaped from Ferncliff [Feb 2013]

On One Life to Live

 * Told Sam Rappaport he was sexually abused as a child
 * Stabbed in chest with a pair of scissors by Nora during attempted attack [Dec 1993]
 * Shot by Bo Buchanan while on the lam and presumed dead [1994]
 * Shot by police officer after rescuing Marty, Jessica, and CJ from car accident [1994]
 * Shot by Irish terrorists and believed dead [Nov 1995]
 * Beaten and left for dead in Victor Lord's tomb by Mitch Laurence's goons [Mar 2003]
 * Held in captivity for 8 years by Irene Manning [Mar 2003-May 2011]
 * Shot by Agent Baker and thrown into Llantano River [Jul 2011]
 * Shot in shoulder by Irene Manning [Oct 2011]

On General Hospital

 * Assaulted by John McBain [Aug 2012]
 * Experienced a fever after being exposed to the toxin placed in the town's water supply by Jerry Jacks [Sept 2012]
 * Assaulted by Johnny Zacchara [Jan 2013]